#Waveguide Converter Market

[davidking25]

Broadcast Equipment Market

Broadcasting refers back to the distribution of media in an audio and video form over radio, television, and different media. Broadcasting device includes higher strength transmitters, signal routing (waveguide and coaxial cable), modulators, equipment racks, monitor and manage systems, and video displays. The broadcasting groups use servers to shop audio and video documents in a compressed format which can be extracted at the receiver end. Increasing statistics visitors over the Internet and direct offering of over-the-top (OTT) offerings to clients are factors anticipated to pressure the broadcasting gadget market at some stage in the forecast period.

However, the growing possession of smartphones, coupled with the introduction of high-pace broadband services through telecom operators, is predicted to create growth opportunities for the broadcast gadget market at some point of the forecast period., The broadcast industry has converted as a result of the digitization and subsequent developments of Internet services. The sluggish shift to digital from analog delivery strategies and boom of on line video structures are many of the key traits that have in large part impacted the broadcasting environment throughout the world. With such transformations inside the broadcast technologies, advances in broadcasting device have come to be more valuable than ever. The various factors contributing to the increase of the worldwide broadcast device market are the rising call for for ultra-excessive definition (UHD) content manufacturing and transmission, the shift of OEMs in the direction of products that are hardware-orientated to software-based and open architecture, and the developing demand of over-the-pinnacle content platforms via specific channels. Furthermore, the adoption of 5G connectivity for broadcasting is anticipated to create opportunities for market players during the forecast period. This examine on the worldwide broadcast system market presents detailed statistics about industry trends and dynamics, marketplace size, competitive landscape, and growth opportunities. This research record categorizes the broadcast equipment marketplace primarily based on product type, application, and region/country. Based on product type, the market has been segmented into encoders, dish antenna, transmitters and repeaters, switches, video servers, amplifiers, modulators, and others. The applications of broadcasting system covered inside the examine are the direct broadcasting satellite, terrestrial television, CATV, IPTV, and radio. The regions included within the examine are North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, and the Middle East and Africa (MEA).

Read Here More :- https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/global-broadcast-equipment-market-2020-global-industry-size-share-forecasts-analysis-company-profiles-competitive-landscape-and-key-regions-2027-2020-01-21

[trendingfact]

Waveguide Converter Market: Latest Trends and Forecast Analysis up to 2019 - 2027

Waveguide Converter Market: Latest Trends and Forecast Analysis up to 2019 – 2027

Global Waveguide Converter Market: Introduction

Waveguides are metal tubes used for carrying electromagnetic waves. A waveguide converter is a special type of transmission line consisting of a hollow metal tube. The tube wall provides distributed inductance, while the empty space between the tube walls offers distributed capacitance. Waveguides are useful for high-frequency signals only, wherein…

[transparencym-blog]

Waveguide Converter Market Developments, Competitive Analysis and Forecasts 2027

Global Waveguide Converter Market: Introduction

Waveguides are metal tubes used for carrying electromagnetic waves. A waveguide converter is a special type of transmission line consisting of a hollow metal tube. The tube wall provides distributed inductance, while the empty space between the tube walls offers distributed capacitance. Waveguides are useful for high-frequency signals only, wherein wavelength approaches cross-sectional dimensions of the waveguide. Below such frequencies, waveguides are useless as electric transmission lines.

Metallic waveguides offer significant advantages such as low propagation loss and high power transmission in the microwave frequency range

Transitions from fundamental rectangular waveguides are useful for testing low-power and high-power waveguide components.

Looking for Regional Analysis or Competitive Landscape, ask for a customized report

Key Drivers and Restraints of Global Waveguide Converter Market

A waveguide is a special form of a microwave transmission line. Waveguides are metal tubes that are often made of high-quality material (such as copper and brass, which is partly silver or even gold-plated).

Furthermore, constant technological advancements in industries such as telecom, medical, and electronics are promoting growth of the global waveguide converter market. A key driver of the market is miniaturization of electronic devices. Miniaturization can be described as manufacture of downsized mechanical, optical, or electronic products and devices. Vehicle engine downsizing and miniaturized mobile phones computers are examples of miniaturization.

Waveguide converters offer several advantages over two-wire and coaxial transmission lines. The key advantage is that waveguides support propagation with lower loss. Electric and magnetic fields used for energy transfer in metal surfaces are equal to zero. Hence, within the waveguides walls, these fields are limited to space. Electromagnetic fields are also fully contained within the waveguide walls and are completely shielded, both from the inside to the outside (radiation losses are maintained at a very low level) and from the outside to the inside of the waveguide, resulting in high resistance with very low desired signals.

A waveguide converter can be manufactured to commercial standards or to full military specifications including flight and space quality standards. RF components can be manufactured with all waveguide flange sizes/types or coaxial connectors for achieving the maximum flexibility in designs.

Factors related to attenuation are anticipated to restrain growth of players operating in the global waveguide converter market in the next few years. The wall currents flow only on the inside of the waveguide. Waveguide walls are usually made of polished brass. The inner surface of the wall must be highly conductive. The layers can also be gold-plated or silvered. Dust on the surface can have an impact as additional attenuation.

Increase in investments in technology for developing products used in niche applications is expected to open up new growth avenues for market participants in the near future

Are you a start-up willing to make it big in the business? Grab an exclusive PDF Brochure of this report

Transverse Electric and Magnetic Type Segments have Significant Growth Potential

Wave propagation through a waveguide can be broadly classified into two categories: TE (transverse electric) and TM (transverse magnetic), depending on which field (electric or magnetic) is perpendicular (transverse) to the direction of wave travel. Wave travel along a standard, two-conductor transmission line is of the TEM (transverse electric and magnetic) mode, wherein both fields are oriented perpendicular to the direction of travel. The TEM mode is possible only with two conductors and it cannot exist in a waveguide.

A dead-end waveguide in a microwave circuit that acts as a resonant component is called a cavity resonator. An open-ended cavity resonator acts as a unidirectional antenna, transmitting or receiving RF energy from/to the open-end path.

Due to higher-mode propagation, modern rectangular metallic waveguides are seldom used at frequencies higher than twice the cutoff frequency. Single-mode propagation is possible with two arrayed dielectric rods for a metallic waveguide. Although coaxial-waveguide converters are generally used for the introduction of electromagnetic waves to metallic waveguides, impedances cannot be matched by using only one converter, due to the narrow bandwidth.

[severetacoartisan]

“Millimeter Wave Technology Market” report provides a detailed analysis of global market size, regional and country-level market size, segmentation, market growth, market share, and competitive landscape.

[akashs123]

Millimeter Wave Technology Market 2021 Research Depth Study with Opportunity Assessment for the Period of 2020-2027

Market Overview

The Millimeter Wave Technology Market is expected to reach USD 4364.9 million by 2024 at a CAGR of 35.64% during the forecast period. Market Research Future (MRFR) in its report envelops segmentations and drivers to provide a better glimpse of the market in the coming years. Over the last decade, there have been rapid developments in the millimeter wave technology. Millimeter wave is an extremely high-frequency band spectrum that lies between 30 gigahertz (GHz) and 300 GHz with a short wavelength that ranges from 10 millimeters to 1 millimeter. Owing to its several benefits, such as high frequency, higher resolution, and low interference it is widely used for applications such as the transmission of large volumes of computer data, cellular communications, and radar transmissions.

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Key Players

The key players of global millimeter wave technology market are Millivision Technologies (US), Vubiq Networks, Inc. (US), Smiths Group PLC (UK), Fastback Networks (US), NEC Corporation. (Japan), Mistral Solutions Pvt. Ltd (India), E-Band Communications, LLC (US), Farran Technology Ltd (Ireland), L3 Technologies, Inc. (US), Millimeter Wave Products, Inc. (US), BridgeWave Communications, Inc. (US), SAGE Millimeter, Inc. (US), and Keysight Technologies, Inc. (US).

Millimeter Wave Technology Market   - Segmentation

The global Millimeter Wave Technology Market has been segmented based on product, component, license type, frequency band, end user, and region.

On the basis of component, the market has been classified as antennas and waveguide components, radio and rf components, sensors and controls, frequency meters, networking and communication components, imaging components, and transceivers. The radio and RF segment was the largest sub-segment valued at USD 144.2 in 2018; it is expected to register the highest CAGR during the forecast period. Antennas operate by capturing radio waves and converting them into electrical signals and vice versa. Millimeter wave antennas are used for various applications such as short-range communication, mm-wave mobile communication, 5G cellular networks, and sensor and imaging systems. Radio Frequency (RF) components include amplifiers, controllers, diodes, transistor, filters, and transceivers. The sensor can detect physical parameters, such as heat, light, and pressure, and convert them into electrical signals.

Based on license type, the market has been segmented into light licensed frequency, unlicensed frequency, and fully licensed frequency. The unlicensed frequency segment accounted for the largest market share in 2018; it is expected to register highest CAGR during the forecast period. The light licensed frequency segment was the second-largest market in 2018. Light licensing is a process that allows less time consuming and seamless spectrum management. This process combines two opposite approaches, general authorization and individual licensing. Unlicensed frequency cannot provide exclusive access to spectrum use. Unlike a licensed spectrum which limits the usage of frequencies, unlicensed frequencies can be used by anyone. Licensed frequency spectrum devices are developed with the help of radio spectrum regulated by the government authorities, which is reserved for the companies that have been granted the licenses.

Based on frequency band, the market has been segmented into band between 30 GHz and 57 GHz, band between 57 GHz and 96 GHz, band between 96 GHz and 300 GHz. The 57 GHz and 96 GHz segment accounted for the larger market share in 2018, registering the highest CAGR during the forecast period. The 30 GHz and 57 GHz segment was the second-largest market in 2018. The bands 37GHz, 39GHz, and 47GHz offer the largest amount of spectrum available for flexible wireless services in the millimeter wave bands. This type of millimeter wave band comprises 57–66GHz, 71–76GHz, 81–86GHz, and 92–95GHz. The 57–66GHz wave band is also referred to as the 60GHz band. The beyond 96 GHz millimeter wave band is developed for a high precision Imaging technology and radar applications.

Based on end user, the market has been segmented into IT & telecommunication, automotive & aerospace, healthcare, consumer & commercial, government & defense. The IT & telecommunication segment accounted for the larger market share in 2018,  is expected to register the highest CAGR during the forecast period. The automotive & aerospace segment was the second-largest market in 2018. Advancements in wireless communication technologies have enabled the widespread use of millimeter wave to address the challenges of lower frequency and high-speed communications. The millimeter wave technology has a significant role in autonomous driving and aerospace applications and is expected to revolutionize the automotive industry. The millimeter wave technology enables medical practitioners to perform advanced medical procedures with a reliable wireless network connected to another side of the globe.

Millimeter Wave Technology Market - Regional Analysis

The global millimeter wave technology market, by region, has been segmented into Asia-Pacific, North America, Europe, the Middle East & Africa, and South America. North America is expected to dominate the millimeter wave technology market during the forecast period due an increase in mobile data traffic with bandwidth-intensive applications, adoption of this technology in small-cell backhaul network, and development of innovative millimeter wave-based radar and security products.

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Waveguide Converter Market Share 2020, Size, Trends, Growth, Demand, Global Research, Top Leading Player and Region by Forecast to 2027

Global Waveguide Converter Market: Introduction

Waveguides are metal tubes used for carrying electromagnetic waves. A waveguide converter is a special type of transmission line consisting of a hollow metal tube. The tube wall provides distributed inductance, while the empty space between the tube walls offers distributed capacitance. Waveguides are useful for high-frequency signals only, wherein wavelength approaches cross-sectional dimensions of the waveguide. Below such frequencies, waveguides are useless as electric transmission lines.

Metallic waveguides offer significant advantages such as low propagation loss and high power transmission in the microwave frequency range

Transitions from fundamental rectangular waveguides are useful for testing low-power and high-power waveguide components.

Looking for Regional Analysis or Competitive Landscape, ask for a customized report

Key Drivers and Restraints of Global Waveguide Converter Market

A waveguide is a special form of a microwave transmission line. Waveguides are metal tubes that are often made of high-quality material (such as copper and brass, which is partly silver or even gold-plated).

Furthermore, constant technological advancements in industries such as telecom, medical, and electronics are promoting growth of the global waveguide converter market. A key driver of the market is miniaturization of electronic devices. Miniaturization can be described as manufacture of downsized mechanical, optical, or electronic products and devices. Vehicle engine downsizing and miniaturized mobile phones computers are examples of miniaturization.

Waveguide converters offer several advantages over two-wire and coaxial transmission lines. The key advantage is that waveguides support propagation with lower loss. Electric and magnetic fields used for energy transfer in metal surfaces are equal to zero. Hence, within the waveguides walls, these fields are limited to space. Electromagnetic fields are also fully contained within the waveguide walls and are completely shielded, both from the inside to the outside (radiation losses are maintained at a very low level) and from the outside to the inside of the waveguide, resulting in high resistance with very low desired signals.

A waveguide converter can be manufactured to commercial standards or to full military specifications including flight and space quality standards. RF components can be manufactured with all waveguide flange sizes/types or coaxial connectors for achieving the maximum flexibility in designs.

Factors related to attenuation are anticipated to restrain growth of players operating in the global waveguide converter market in the next few years. The wall currents flow only on the inside of the waveguide. Waveguide walls are usually made of polished brass. The inner surface of the wall must be highly conductive. The layers can also be gold-plated or silvered. Dust on the surface can have an impact as additional attenuation.

Increase in investments in technology for developing products used in niche applications is expected to open up new growth avenues for market participants in the near future

Are you a start-up willing to make it big in the business? Grab an exclusive PDF Brochure of this report

Transverse Electric and Magnetic Type Segments have Significant Growth Potential

Wave propagation through a waveguide can be broadly classified into two categories: TE (transverse electric) and TM (transverse magnetic), depending on which field (electric or magnetic) is perpendicular (transverse) to the direction of wave travel. Wave travel along a standard, two-conductor transmission line is of the TEM (transverse electric and magnetic) mode, wherein both fields are oriented perpendicular to the direction of travel. The TEM mode is possible only with two conductors and it cannot exist in a waveguide.

A dead-end waveguide in a microwave circuit that acts as a resonant component is called a cavity resonator. An open-ended cavity resonator acts as a unidirectional antenna, transmitting or receiving RF energy from/to the open-end path.

Due to higher-mode propagation, modern rectangular metallic waveguides are seldom used at frequencies higher than twice the cutoff frequency. Single-mode propagation is possible with two arrayed dielectric rods for a metallic waveguide. Although coaxial-waveguide converters are generally used for the introduction of electromagnetic waves to metallic waveguides, impedances cannot be matched by using only one converter, due to the narrow bandwidth.

Asia Pacific to Lead Global Market for Waveguide Converters

In terms of region, the global waveguide converter market can be divided into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, and Middle East & Africa

Asia Pacific is likely to witness the maximum demand for waveguide converters from 2019 to 2027, due to technological advancements in the region. Presence of a large number of waveguide converter manufacturers is expected to augment the demand for waveguide converters in the region during the forecast period. Several manufacturers of waveguide converters have been investing heavily in China, especially in semiconductor and automotive production sectors in the country, over the last few years.

The market in North America is expected to expand at a significant rate throughout the forecast period, owing to presence of a large number of manufacturers of consumer electronics products in the region

Growing power industry in the U.S. is expected to drive the demand for waveguide converters in the country during the forecast period

Key Manufacturers Operating in Global Market

The global waveguide converter market was highly fragmented in 2018. Key manufacturers operating in the global market are:

Waveguide Optical Technologies

Sumitomo Bakelite

Leoni Fiber Optics

Corning Incorporated

Himachal Futuristic Communications

Yangtze Optical Fiber and Cable

Sterlite Technologies

Prysmian

Fujikura Limited

DigiLens

Global Waveguide Converter Market: Research ScopeGlobal Waveguide Converter Market, by Type

Transverse Electric

Transverse Magnetic

Transverse Electric and Magnetic

Global Waveguide Converter Market, by Application

Telecom

Oil & Gas

Military & Aerospace

BFSI

Medical

Others

Global Waveguide Converter Market, by Region

U.S.

Canada

Germany

U.K.

France

Italy

Spain

Russia & CIS

Rest of Europe

China

India

Japan

ASEAN

Rest of Asia Pacific

Brazil

Mexico

Rest of South America

GCC

South Africa

Rest of Middle East & Africa

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Global Optical Switch Market - Opportunities & Forecast, 2018-2025

An optical switch is a device which provides particular switching of optical signals from one channel to another without the need of converting to electrical signals. Driving off the signals through optical switches is independent of the data rate and type of data protocol. The advantages of optical switches are many, some of which include reduced number of network equipment, reduced network congestion, increased switching speed, and decreased operating power of the network equipment. Optical switches are an integral part of fibre optic transmission systems. Optical switches are used to enable the routing of optical data signals in more advanced and efficient ways.

For Additional Insights, Click to Access Complete Report - https://www.gmiresearch.com/report/global-optical-switch-market/

There have been constant technological advancements due to which the network connectivity is increasing between devices, this has resulted in rising issues with respect to the generation and transmission of data. Because of the increasing connectivity demands high-speed network connections carry out data operations in a specific way and thus, these days the demand for optical switches is increasing. Optical switches are increasingly being preferred as they don’t demand conversion of electrical signals and are independent in terms of operation of data protocols and data rates. There has been a constantly increasing need for new optical modules for generating high bandwidth, consuming low power, and having wider reach because of the growing investments in data centres which will be the major drivers for the demand of optical switches. Also, the advancements in the development of the cloud computing platform has been one of the major factors that has boosted the need for implementation of Optical switches in the data centres. Recently, Google made a decision that it will increase its investments in data centres to help support its rising cloud computing enterprise. This will lead to the growth in optical switches market.

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The main players in this market are Honeywell, Keysight Technologies Inc. Hewlett Packard Enterprise Co, Fujitsu Ltd, ZTE Corporation, Yokogawa Electric Corporation, Nokia Corporation, Cisco Systems Inc., Huawei Technologies Co Ltd, Ciena Corporation, Infinera Corporation, ADVA Optical Networking SE, Coriant GmbH, Keysight Technologies Inc, Juniper Networks Inc, Ericsson Inc.

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Global Optical Switch Market has been segmented on the basis of type, application, Technology and region. Based on the type it is segmented as All Optical switch, Electro Optical switch. Based on application it is segmented as Switching, Testing, Multiplexing, Cross-Connects, Signal Monitoring. On the basis of technology market is segmented as mechanical optical switches, liquid crystal optical switches, waveguide optical switches, thermal optical switches, magneto-optical switches and others. The region in focus is entire world market. The report highlights the main market drivers fuelling the growth as well as challenges faced by market participants. The research report provides market size and forecast for the Optical switch in global market. The competitive landscape section of the report captures and highlights the recent developments within the market.

Key questions answered in this research report:

·         At what pace is Global Optical switch market growing? What will be growth trend in future?

·         What are the key drivers and restraints in the current market? What will be the impact of drivers and restraints in the future?

·         What are the regional revenue and forecast breakdowns? Which are the major regional revenue pockets for growth in Optical switch market?

·         What are the various application areas and how they are poised to grow?

About GMI Research

GMI Research is a market research and consulting firm which provides research-based solutions to business executives and investment professionals so that they can make right business & investment decisions faster based on real facts. We help business leaders through independent fact-based insight, ensuring their business achieve success by beating the competition. GMI Research’s leadership team with extensive experience in research and consulting together with our research and domain expertise creates a strong value proposition to create solutions that addresses our client’s business problems and add significant value to long lasting relationship.

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[nikitamanwar]

Global Optical Switch Market Insights on Trends, Drivers and Opportunities until the End of 2025

The "Global Optical Switch Market: By Product Type (All Optical switch, Electro Optical switch), By Application Type (Switching, Testing, Multiplexing, Cross-Connects, Signal Monitoring), By Technology (mechanical optical switches, liquid crystal optical switches, waveguide optical switches, thermal optical switches, magneto-optical switches and others.) and By Geography – Opportunities and forecast, 2018-2025" report has been added to GMI Research offering.

An optical switch is a device which provides particular switching of optical signals from one channel to another without the need of converting to electrical signals. Driving off the signals through optical switches is independent of the data rate and type of data protocol. The advantages of optical switches are many, some of which include reduced number of network equipment, reduced network congestion, increased switching speed, and decreased operating power of the network equipment. Optical switches are an integral part of fibre optic transmission systems. Optical switches are used to enable the routing of optical data signals in more advanced and efficient ways

Request for Sample Report –https://www.gmiresearch.com/report/global-optical-switch-market-data-center/sample-request

There have been constant technological advancements due to which the network connectivity is increasing between devices, this has resulted in rising issues with respect to the generation and transmission of data. Because of the increasing connectivity demands high-speed network connections carry out data operations in a specific way and thus, these days the demand for optical switches is increasing. Optical switches are increasingly being preferred as they don’t demand conversion of electrical signals and are independent in terms of operation of data protocols and data rates. There has been a constantly increasing need for new optical modules for generating high bandwidth, consuming low power, and having wider reach because of the growing investments in data centres which will be the major drivers for the demand of optical switches. Also, the advancements in the development of the cloud computing platform has been one of the major factors that has boosted the need for implementation of Optical switches in the data centres. Recently, Google made a decision that it will increase its investments in data centres to help support its rising cloud computing enterprise. This will lead to the growth in optical switches market.

The main players in this market are Honeywell, Keysight Technologies Inc. Hewlett Packard Enterprise Co, Fujitsu Ltd, ZTE Corporation, Yokogawa Electric Corporation, Nokia Corporation, Cisco Systems Inc., Huawei Technologies Co Ltd, Ciena Corporation, Infinera Corporation, ADVA Optical Networking SE, Coriant GmbH, Keysight Technologies Inc, Juniper Networks Inc, Ericsson Inc.

Global Optical Switch Market has been segmented on the basis of type, application, Technology and region. Based on the type it is segmented as All Optical switch, Electro Optical switch. Based on application it is segmented as Switching, Testing, Multiplexing, Cross-Connects, Signal Monitoring. On the basis of technology market is segmented as mechanical optical switches, liquid crystal optical switches, waveguide optical switches, thermal optical switches, magneto-optical switches and others. The region in focus is entire world market. The report highlights the main market drivers fuelling the growth as well as challenges faced by market participants. The research report provides market size and forecast for the Optical switch in global market. The competitive landscape section of the report captures and highlights the recent developments within the market.

Request for Customization – https://www.gmiresearch.com/report/global-optical-switch-market-data-center/request-for-customization

Market Segmentation By Product Type • All Optical switch • Electro Optical switch

By Application Type • Switching • Testing • Multiplexing • Cross-Connects • Signal Monitoring

By Technology Type • mechanical optical switches • liquid crystal optical switches • waveguide optical switches • thermal optical switches • magneto-optical switches • Others

By Geography North America As a part of customization • By Product type • By Application • By Technology • US • Canada • Mexico

Europe As a part of customization • By Product type • By Application • By Technology • UK • Germany • Spain • Rest of Europe

Asia-Pacific As a part of customization • By Product type • By Application • By Technology • China • Australia • India • Rest of APAC

ROW (rest of the world) As a part of customization • By Product type • By Application • By Technology • Brazil • South Africa • GCC countries • Rest of world (remaining countries of the LAMEA region)

Key market players here are • Honeywell • Keysight Technologies Inc. • Hewlett Packard Enterprise Co • Fujitsu Ltd • ZTE Corporation • Yokogawa Electric Corporation • Nokia Corporation • Cisco Systems Inc. • Huawei Technologies Co Ltd • Ciena Corporation • Infinera Corporation • ADVA Optical Networking SE • Coriant GmbH • Keysight Technologies Inc • Juniper Networks Inc • Ericsson Inc.

Key questions answered in this research report: 1- At what pace is Global Optical switch market growing? What will be growth trend in future? 2- What are the key drivers and restraints in the current market? What will be the impact of drivers and restraints in the future? 3- What are the regional revenue and forecast breakdowns? Which are the major regional revenue pockets for growth in Optical switch market? 4- What are the various application areas and how they are poised to grow?

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[journalmaterialscience-blog]

Plasmonics for Improved Photovoltaic Devices Abstract Several approaches have been adopted in the past for increasing the light absorption in photovoltaic solar cells. The introduction of a plasmonic layer of Ib metal nanoparticles (pure or embedded in a dielectric layer) has been recognized as a viable alternate approach for enhancing light absorption. The scattering from metal nanoparticles near their localized plasmon resonance seemed to be a promising way of increasing the light absorption in thin-film solar cells. Enhancements in photo current have been observed for a wide range of semiconductors and solar cell configurations. In this short note, a review of the experimental and theoretical progress that has been made in recent years, the basic mechanisms, and an outlook on future prospects in this area is presented. Go to Introduction A number of methods [1-3] have been adopted in the past for increasing the light absorption in photovoltaic solar cells. But, acceptance of the above methods became debatable in the context of optimizing cost and ease of their adaptation related to scalable technique demanded by the industries. The biggest problem for thin film solar cells is that they do not absorb as much light as the current generation bulk solar cells do. Methods for trapping light on the surface, or inside the solar cells are crucial in order to make thin film solar cells viable. A method being explored over the past few years [4-14] is to scatter light using metal nanoparticles, excited at their surface plasmon resonance frequency. This method allows light to be absorbed directly without traversing through the relatively thick additional layer required in other types of thin-film solar cells. There have been quite a few pioneers working with plasmonic solar cells. One of the main focuses has been on improving the performance of the thin film solar cells through the use of metal nanoparticles distributed on the surface. In this system the increased light scattering provides more photons to become available to excite surface plasmons which cause electrons to be excited and travel through the thin film solar cells to create a current. Enhanced efficiencies for organic ultra-thin film solar cells due to the presence of 5nm diameter silver nanoparticles were also reported. Thus, plasmonic solar cells are recognized as a class of photovoltaic devices that would convert light into electricity by using plasmons. Plasmonic solar cells are a type of thin-film solar cells which are typically 1-2μm thick. They can use substrates which are cheaper than silicon, such as glass, plastic or steel. Currently, there are three different generations of solar cells. The first generation (those in the market today) are made with crystalline semiconductor wafers, typically silicon. Current solar cells trap light by creating pyramids on the surface which have dimensions bigger than most thin film solar cells. Making the surface of the substrate rough (typically by growing SnO2 or ZnO on the surface) with dimensions on the order of the incoming wavelengths and depositing the solar cells on top has been explored. This increases the photocurrent, but the thin film solar cells then have poor material quality. The second generation solar cells are based on thin film technologies such as those presented here. These solar cells focus on lowering the amount of material used as well as increasing the energy production. Because thin-film solar cells are only a few microns thick, standard methods of increasing the light absorption, which uses surface textures that are typically around 10 microns in size, cannot be used. Plasma etch techniques, which can be used to etch submicron-sized features, can damage the silicon, thereby reducing the cell efficiency. Another alternative to direct texturing of Si is the texturing of the substrate. However, this also results in increased recombination losses through increased surface area. Though in practice, it has been experimentally proven to be very difficult to reduce recombination losses beyond a certain limit. Theoretically energy conversion efficiency of above 24% even for 1μm cells can be achieved. This highlights the need to incorporate better light-trapping mechanisms that do not increase recombination losses in thin-film solar cells to extract the full potential of the cells. Third generation solar cells are currently being researched. They focus on reducing the cost of the second generation solar cells. To achieve this, a new method for achieving light trapping in thin-film solar cells by the use of metallic nanostructures supporting surface plasmons, has been evolved. This involves excitations of the conduction electrons at the interface between a metal and a dielectric. By proper engineering of these dielectric structures, light can be concentrated and ‘folded’ into a thin semiconductor layer, thereby increasing the absorption. Both localized surface plasmons excited in metal nanoparticles and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) propagating at the metal/ semiconductor interface are of interest. Although there is now considerable experimental evidence that light scattered from metal nanoparticle arrays increases the photocurrent spectral response of thin-film solar cells, many of the underlying physical mechanisms and their interplay have not been studied systematically. The full potential of the particle scattering concept, taking into account integration with optimized antireflection coatings, is being studied by several research groups. In recent years, it has been indicated [15-22] that both shape and size of metal nano particles are key factors determining the coupling efficiency. Moreover, the plasmon energy can be efficiently collected and transferred to an underlying waveguide as part of a solar cell. The cells performance would indicate an enhanced yield of power generation. Go to Surface Plasmon Resonance When light strikes a metal sample, it can initiate electrical disturbances in the surface, either as localized excitations called surface plasmons or as moving waves called surface plasmon polaritons. The plasmons can be considered as a sort of proxy for the light, except at a shorter wavelength. A flurry of experimental and theoretical activities over the past few decades [15-26] was devoted towards the understanding of the size and shape effects, broadening, effect of surrounding matrix, etc., on the surface plasmon band of gold, silver and its nano composites. The surface plasmon resonance largely depend on the particle size, shape, and of course the metallic material and its surrounding environment. Although metal doping in another exotic dielectric medium, diamond like carbon (DLC) films, prepared by chemical/ physical vapour deposition techniques had been the issue of obtaining a new class of materials [15-26] but the difficulty of dispersing the metal particles homogeneously in the DLC matrix by the techniques used by the researchers was found to be difficult. Since DLC is a large band gap material, metal inclusion in nanocrystalline form should also reveal interesting optical properties like surface plasmon resonance in these classes of composite materials which have not been explored yet systematically. A number of theoretical models were proposed [27-35] and several experiments were carried out to understand the effect of particle size on the surface plasmon effect and to justify the observed peak shift (either blue-shift or red-shift) and its broadening with decreasing size. Critical dependence of various intrinsic properties of metal particles on size, inter crystalline distance and their integrated effect on the plasma band shape and position were dealt with by Kreibig et al. [27]. The observed blue-shift was attributed to several phenomena viz. contraction of lattice induced by surface stress [32], effect of surface potential [33], changes in optical inter-band transitions between the discrete energy levels, changes of electron band structure etc. Effects of deviation from a perfect spherical shape and irregular size distribution were found to produce large inhomogeneous broadening [34]. Maxwell-Garnett (MG) and Bruggeman obtained the effective dielectric constant of a composite system by considering the interaction of external electric field with metal particles acting as interacting dipoles with an effective polarizability given by Drude relation while the dielectric constant of the composite material was obtained through Clausius-Mossotti relation [35]. In the Maxwell-Garnett approach, the metal inclusion in the host material (fm) is very small and particle dimension (d) and inter-particle separations are very small compared to the wavelength of light (l). The effective dielectric constant is then given by, Click here to view Large Figure 2 Where ec, em, e0 are the dielectric constants of the composite, the metal and the host matrix respectively. k is the screening parameter determined by the shape as well as the orientation of the nanoparticles with respect to the external electric field. For spherical particle k=2. ec and em are complex in nature and is related to the refractive index n and extinction coefficient k given by, Click here to view Large Figure 3 Click here to view Large Figure 4 Where e’ and e’’ are the real and imaginary part of the dielectric constant respectively. The Bruggeman geometry consists of a random mixture of two dissimilar materials. The effective dielectric constant is obtained through, Click here to view Large Figure 5 The above relations are widely used to obtain the effective dielectric constant and in turn, the extinction coefficient of a composite system. But both the above relations suffer a serious drawback as they do not take into account the size and shape distribution of the nanocrystalline. To take into account the size as well as the shape effect simultaneously, a size dependent depolarization factor was introduced into the Maxwell-Garnett theory and the modified theory (dynamical Maxwell-Garnetttheory) was used to evaluate the optical properties of the gold nano composite material [36,37]. The depolarization factor played a crucial role in determining the optical absorption features. Recently, Gao et al. [30] introduced a shape distribution into the Maxwell-Garnett and Bruggeman type of geometry and calculated the effective dielectric constant of a two- component system. The particles having a kind of shape distribution were assumed to be ellipsoidal and the distribution function that was introduced into the theory to correctly describe the depolarization coefficient is given by, Click here to view Large Figure 6 Where A (=1/p) and L (0 0 and L-->1 determine a needlelike (prolate) and plate-like (oblate) shape of the particles. The depolarization factor depends critically on the axial ratio of the ellipsoidal particles. Introducing the shape distribution as in equation (8), Gao et al. [30] obtained the dielectric constant in the limit of Maxwell-Garnett approximation as: Click here to view Large Figure 7 The shape distribution incorporated into the Bruggeman type of geometry relates the composite dielectric constant with that of the individual components as, Click here to view Large Figure 8 They also formulated a differential effective medium approximation, considering a shape distribution of small particles distributed in a previously homogeneous matrix and is given by, Click here to view Large Figure 9 Go to Current Status Silicon solar cells Silicon is the favorite semiconductor used in photovoltaic cells. Still, one would like to reduce the amount of Si needed for large-area devices. Furthermore, silicon is a poor light emitter and absorber, and therefore solar cell efficiencies have generally been poor. The efficiency of thin-film Si cells is even poorer than for wafer-thick Si cells. How to make the cells cheap (using thin films) but also increasingly absorptive is an important goal. In conventional thick Si solar cells, light trapping was typically achieved using a pyramidal surface texture that causes scattering of light into the solar cell over a large angular range, thereby increasing the effective path length in the cell. Such large-scale geometries are not suitable for thin-film cells, for geometrical reasons (as the surface roughness would exceed the film thickness) and because the greater surface area would increase minority carrier recombination in the surface and junction regions. Solar cell design and materials-synthesis considerations are strongly dictated by the opposing requirements for optical absorption thickness and carrier collection length. Plasmonic structures can offer at least three ways of reducing the physical thickness of the photovoltaic absorber layers while keeping their optical thickness constant. First, metallic nanoparticles can be used as sub-wavelength scattering elements to couple and trap freely propagating plane waves from the sun into an absorbing semiconductor thin film, by folding the light into a thin absorber layer. Second, metallic nanoparticles can be used as sub-wavelength antennas in which the plasmonic near-field is coupled to the semiconductor, increasing its effective absorption cross-section. Third, a corrugated metallic film on the back surface of a thin photovoltaic absorber layer can couple sunlight into SPPmodes supported at the metal/semiconductor interface [4]. For wafers, the enhancement was by a factor of 7 for light with a wavelength of 1200nm. Silicon normally absorbs light only weakly in this part of the spectrum, so the enhancement is significant. Across all wavelengths, the photocurrent enhancement for the 1.25 micron film and the wafer samples was, respectively, 33% and 19%. Pillai et al. [6] observed that optimizing the nanoparticle size should bring additional improvements [5,6]. In this article, suitability of localized surface plasmons on silver nanoparticles for enhancing the absorbance of silicon solar cells has been investigated. It was found that surface plasmons can increase the spectral response of thinfilm cells over almost the entire solar spectrum. At wavelengths close to the band gap of Si, a significant enhancement of the absorption for both thin-film and wafer-based structures was observed. They reported a sevenfold enhancement for waferbased cells at ~1200nm and up to 16 fold enhancement at ~1050nm for 1.25μm thin silicon-on-insulator (SOI) cells, and also compared the results with a theoretical dipole-waveguide model. They also reported a close to 12 fold enhancement in the electroluminescence from ultrathin SOI light-emitting diodes and investigate the effect of varying the particle size on that enhancement. Pillai et al. [5,6] have also investigated the effect of surface plasmons on silver nanoparticles as a means of improving the efficiency of thin-film and wafer-based solar cells. The results suggest that surface plasmons offer a promising way to improve the efficiency of thin-film solar cell structures, avoiding the problem of increased recombination which occurs when siliconis textured directly. This method also has the scope of further reducing the thickness of Si to below 1.5μm with good light trapping provided by the metal nanoparticles. The results show that for front surface application, smaller metal particles provide maximum overall enhancement in the visible as well as the near- IR for solar cell applications, but that larger metal particles would be more beneficial for light emission from both thin and thick Si LEDs. An engineered enhancement in short-circuit current density and energy conversion efficiency in amorphous silicon p-i-n solar cells was achieved via improved transmission of electromagnetic radiation arising from forward scattering by surface plasmon polaritons modes in Au nanoparticles deposited above the amorphous silicon film by Derkacs et al. [7]. The total Mie extinction is a sum of contributions from absorption and from scattering associated with each supported surface plasmon polariton mode of the particle. For small particles supporting only dipolar modes, the total extinction cross section consists of a large absorption cross section and a smaller scattering cross section. For larger particles, with diameters of ~100 nm or larger, the opposite is true: although the total extinction cross section remains dominated by dipolar contributions, the scattering cross section is much larger than the absorption cross section. For Au nanoparticle density of ~3.7x108 cm−2, an 8.1% increase in shortcircuit current density and an 8.3% increase in energy conversion efficiency are observed. Finite-element electromagnetic simulations confirm the expected increase in transmission of electromagnetic radiation at visible wavelengths, and suggest that substantially larger improvements should be attainable for higher nanoparticle densities. Si p-n junction diodes were fabricated by Schaadt et al. [8] by diffusion of boron at 900 °C for 30min into an n-type Si (001) wafer with resistivity~10−2 Ohmcm. Based on the diffusion conditions employed, the boron depth profile was computed analytically andyielded a p-n junction depth of 80nm, with the boron concentration at the wafer surface estimated to be ~1.1x1020 cm−3. Ohmic contacts to the p-type surface were formed by opticallithography followed by thermal evaporation of~150nm Al. A large-area Ohmic contact to the n-type underside of the wafer was formed by a second thermal evaporation of ~150nm Al. Au nanoparticles were deposited by placing a drop of Au colloidal solution containing Au particles of uniform size onto the surfaces of fabricated devices that had been subjected to a prior exposure to a poly-L-lysine solution to facilitate immobilization of the Au nanoparticles on the device surface. Compound semiconductor solar cells Konda et al. [10] have engineered a device consisting of n-CdSe/p-Si (001) junction diode with spherical Au nanoparticles deposited on CdSe semiconductor surface, it is noted that a significant enhancement in the photocurrent was observed in Au/CdSe/p-Si compared to CdSe/p-Si using white light. These results clearly show that while the white light is the highest source of absorption for the generation of the photocurrent due to wide spectrum of absorption wavelengths available from the Au nanoparticles and clusters due to plasmon resonance, the light with a certain band of wavelengths is less effective. The enhancement in absorption within the semiconductor results in an increased photocurrent response in junction diode that corresponds closely to the nanoparticle plasmon resonance. Konda et al. [10] reported on the significant enhancement of photocurrent in p-n hetero junction diode, consisting of n-CdSe/p-Si substrates, in situ deposited with Au nanoparticles on the surface by the pulsed-laser deposition technique. This is attributed to the large enhancement in electromagnetic field that occurs in the vicinity of the metal surface, causing surface plasmons. The large enhancement in Raman and photoluminescence intensity was observed due to surface plasmon resonance. Their results suggest that the photodetectors and optoelectronic devices, such as high-performance thin-film solar cells, optical communication, and sensing devices, including bio- and molecular sensors, can be fabricated with improved functionality. Surface plasmon enhanced antireflection coatings for GaAs solar cells [11] have been designed theoretically. The reflectance of double-layer antireflection coatings (ARCs) with different suspensions of Ag particles is calculated as a function of the wavelength according to the optical interference matrix and the Mie theory. The mean dielectric concept was adopted in the simulations. A significant reduction of reflectance in the spectral region from 300 to 400nm was found to be beneficial for the design of ARCs. A new SiO2/Ag-ZnS double-layer coating with better antireflection ability can be achieved if the particle volume fraction in ZnS is 1%-2%. The performance of the modified ARC system is simulated by calculating the system reflection from the standard optical theorem and the Mie theory with different structural parameters, including the complex refractive indices of the medium and the volume fraction of the metal particles. When the particle volume fraction in a ZnS medium is 1%- 2%, and the diameter of particles is larger than 100nm, the calculated enhancement of the antireflection is significant in the near-UV region for GaAs solar cells. The nanoparticles also have the potential to increase the near band absorption for extra-thin GaAs cells. The simulation contributes to the design and the fabrication of high-quality antireflection coatings of GaAs solar cells. Organic Solar Cells Improved optical absorption and photocurrent for polythiophene–fullerene bulk hetero junction photovoltaic devices is demonstrated by Yoon et al. [13] using a unique self-assembled mono layer of Ag nanoparticles formed from a colloidal solution. With the presence of suitable nanoparticle in organic capping groups, the particle-to-particle spacing can be tailored. Transmission electron microscopy reveals the selfassembled Ag nanospheres are highly uniform with an average diameter of ~4nm and controllable particle-to-particle spacing. The localized surface plasmon resonance peak is ~465nm with full width at half maximum (95nm). In the spectral range of 350-650nm, where the organic bulk hetero junction photo active film absorbs, an enhanced optical absorption is observed due to the increased electric field in the photo active layer by excited localized surface plasmons with in the Ag nano-spheres. Under the short-circuit condition, the induced photo-current efficiency(IPCE) measurement demonstrates that the maximum IPCE increased to ~51.6% at 500nm for the experimental devices with the self-assembled layer of Ag nanoparticles, while the IPCE of the reference devices with out the plasmon-active Ag nanoparticles is ~45.7% at 480nm. For the experimental devices under air mass 1.5 global filter edilluminations with incident intensity of 100mW/cm2, the increased short-circuit current density is observed due to the enhancement of the photo-generation of excitons near the Plasmon resonance of the Ag nano particles. Morpha et al. [38] included plasmonactive silver nanoparticle layers in solution-processed bulkhetero junction solar cells. Nanoparticle layers were fabricated using vapor-phase deposition on indium tin oxide electrode. Owing to the increase in optical electrical field inside the photoactive layer, the inclusion of such particle films lead to increased optical absorption and consequently increased photoconversion efficiency. The resulting solar energy conversion efficiency of a bulk hetero junction photovoltaic device of poly (3-hexylthiophene)/(6,6)-phenyl C61butyric acid methyl ester was found to increase from 1.3%±0.2% to 2.2%±0.1% for devices employing thin plasmon-active layers. Based on six measurements, the improvement factor of 1.7was demonstrated to be statistically significant. Rand et al. [39] investigated the optical properties of silver nanoparticles used in tandem ultrathin-film organic photo voltaic cells. Experimental results indicate that the enhancement of an incident optical field persists into an organic dielectric for distances of up to 10nm from the center of array of approximately 5nm diameter nanoparticles. Furthermore, this enhancement exists far from there so nanoparticle surface-plasmon excitation energy. They proposed a model to explain this long-range enhancement and investigated the role that cluster spacing, shape, and an embedding dielectric medium with a complex dielectric constant play in determining plasmon enhancement. This effect is shown to increase the efficiency of tandem organic solar cells, and the implications for further solar cell efficiency improvements are discussed. An interesting possibility to improve the conversion and cost efficiencies of photovoltaic dye sensitized solar cells is to exploit the large optical cross sections of localized (nanoparticle) surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs). Hagglund et al. [40] have investigated this prospect for dye sensitized solar cells. Photoconductivity measurements were performed on flat TiO2 films, sensitized by a combination of dye molecules and arrays of nanofabricated elliptical gold disks. An enhanced dye charge carrier generation rate was found and shown to derive from the LSPR contribution by means of the polarization dependent resonance frequency in the anisotropic, aligned gold disks. Possibilities in carbon based solar cells Research on thin film carbon based solar cells by simple electro deposition technique is initiated by Ghosh et al. [41], but the efficiency of this type of solar cells is still not comparable to those discussed above. They have deposited a thin DLC film on Si substrate by low voltage electro deposition technique at room temperature followed by top (Au) and back (In) contact by thermal evaporation. The attained best cell efficiency was ~3.7%. Thus, the problem would be simpler for carbon based solar cells to introduce a plasmonic layer using a nano-Ag/A plasmonic layer for improving the efficiency further. One has to play with the size, shape and the effective dielectric constant of the plasmonic layer (i.e. metal loading) to make the plasmonic layer compatible with the above cell structure. The author has already started working on carbon based plasmonic solar cell. The proposed cell structure is shown in (Figure 1). Click here to view Large Figure 1 Go to Acknowledgement The authors wish to acknowledge the financial support of the Fondecyt Project N° 1150652 from the Chilean government. BG also wishes to thank the University of South Africa for the financial support. please visit our site: Juniper Publishers For more articles please click on: Journal Material Science juniper publishers material science composite materials

[rickysheikh92]

Global Optical switch Market Global Industry Analysis, size, share and Forecast 2018-2025

An optical switch is a device which provides particular switching of optical signals from one channel to another without the need of converting to electrical signals. Driving off the signals through optical switches is independent of the data rate and type of data protocol. The advantages of optical switches are many, some of which include reduced number of network equipment, reduced network congestion, increased switching speed, and decreased operating power of the network equipment. Optical switches are an integral part of fibre optic transmission systems. Optical switches are used to enable the routing of optical data signals in more advanced and efficient ways

There have been constant technological advancements due to which the network connectivity is increasing between devices, this has resulted in rising issues with respect to the generation and transmission of data. Because of the increasing connectivity demands high-speed network connections carry out data operations in a specific way and thus, these days the demand for optical switches is increasing. Optical switches are increasingly being preferred as they don’t demand conversion of electrical signals and are independent in terms of operation of data protocols and data rates. There has been a constantly increasing need for new optical modules for generating high bandwidth, consuming low power, and having wider reach because of the growing investments in data centres which will be the major drivers for the demand of optical switches. Also, the advancements in the development of the cloud computing platform has been one of the major factors that has boosted the need for implementation of Optical switches in the data centres. Recently, Google made a decision that it will increase its investments in data centres to help support its rising cloud computing enterprise. This will lead to the growth in optical switches market.

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The main players in this market are Honeywell, Keysight Technologies Inc. Hewlett Packard Enterprise Co, Fujitsu Ltd, ZTE Corporation, Yokogawa Electric Corporation, Nokia Corporation, Cisco Systems Inc., Huawei Technologies Co Ltd, Ciena Corporation, Infinera Corporation, ADVA Optical Networking SE, Coriant GmbH, Keysight Technologies Inc, Juniper Networks Inc, Ericsson Inc.

Global Optical Switch Market has been segmented on the basis of type, application, Technology and region. Based on the type it is segmented as All Optical switch, Electro Optical switch. Based on application it is segmented as Switching, Testing, Multiplexing, Cross-Connects, Signal Monitoring. On the basis of technology market is segmented as mechanical optical switches, liquid crystal optical switches, waveguide optical switches, thermal optical switches, magneto-optical switches and others. The region in focus is entire world market. The report highlights the main market drivers fuelling the growth as well as challenges faced by market participants. The research report provides market size and forecast for the Optical switch in global market. The competitive landscape section of the report captures and highlights the recent developments within the market.

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Key questions answered in this research report: 1- At what pace is Global Optical switch market growing? What will be growth trend in future? 2- What are the key drivers and restraints in the current market? What will be the impact of drivers and restraints in the future? 3- What are the regional revenue and forecast breakdowns? Which are the major regional revenue pockets for growth in Optical switch market? 4- What are the various application areas and how they are poised to grow?

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[rohitkoluguri-blog]

A Glimpse of What Lies Ahead for the Silicon Photonics Market

According to the new market research report by IndustryARC titled “Silicon Photonics Market": By Components (Waveguides, Modulators, Interconnects, LEDs, Photodetectors, Switches, Lasers, Wavelength division multiplexing filters) and By Application (Aerospace & Defense, Healthcare, Telecommunications, Consumer Electronics, Industrial Automation and Others) - With Forecast (2018-2025)“, the market was valued at $72 million in 2017 and is estimated to generate a revenue of $0.95 billion by 2025 at a CAGR of 38.12% during 2018-2025.

America continues to lead the market share and growth during 2018-2025:

Advanced data solutions and communication systems will be the major factors driving the Silicon photonics market in North America. North American solution providers have seen a large scale adoption of cloud-based technologies across industries that will bolster the use of silicon photonics in data centers as they are a more efficient and cost-effective technology. The ongoing silicon uses for developing integrated photonic circuits and the compatibility of silicon photonics technology with the existing fabrication techniques encourages several research institutes and large players in the electronic manufacturing industry to adopt silicon photonics technology. The APAC silicon photonics market is projected to witness fast-growth during the forecast period. High adoption rates and emerging technologies are the key factors contributing to the growth of the market.

Selected Application Analysis was done in the full Report:

Telecommunications held the largest market share in 2017 which is estimated to witness a CAGR of 48.29% during the forecast period. Consumer electronics is projected to witness fast growth between 2017 & 2025, followed by future applications in aerospace and defense. Telecommunications is one of the dominant sectors the silicon chips market. The telecommunications segment was estimated to generate 69% of the revenue for silicon photonics market in 2017, followed by consumer goods. The need for high-speed wireless communication attributed to the growth of the Silicon Photonics market in data center applications globally, making it the fastest growing segment during the forecast period. Semiconductor Lasers and rapid developments in the fabrication of Integrated Circuits (ICs) have contributed immensely in pushing the market for Electronics and Electrical products. The emergence of these two technologies revolutionized the operating behavior of numerous electrical and electronics products that were significant in bolstering several end-user verticals.

Excerpts on Market Growth Factors Mentioned in the Full Report:

Silicon photonics has been experimented with communication levels, moving beyond network to inter-module, inter-chip, and intra photonic chip. • High data centers and high-performance computing applications are evolving based on optical waveguide communication rather than optical fibers. Due to the adoption of such novel applications, the market is anticipated to lead towards high growth.

The current requirements of the application of optical wave are confined to single mode transceiver, whereas on analyzing the current data communications scenario, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) has been the urgent requirement according to data centers.

Transistors have been the fundamental building block for semiconductor businesses, but silicon photonics involves Lasers, Diodes, Modulators, Converters, Couplers, Drivers and Waveguides as the basic building blocks. Also, in terms of materials, silicon has been the foremost choice in the Semiconductor industry, but for Silicon Photonics, a wide variety of raw materials are being utilized such as InP, InGaAs, and Silicon.

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Key players of Silicon Photonics Market:

The industry has witnessed a rise in the number of product launches coupled with fierce price competition. Key players are trying to meet the market demand and profit margins with strategic investments and production flexibility. Intel Corporation, Luxtera Inc. & IBM Corp. are the major companies that filed patents for the Silicon Photonics and their related components. Key players in the market have obtained 1023 patients during the period 2013-2017 and the number of new patents filed is estimated to witness growth in the coming years.

Companies cited and interviewed:

Avago Technologies

Hamamatsu Cisco Systems Inc.

Finisar Corporation

NTT NeoPhotonics

Mellanox Technologies Ltd.

Rockley Photonics

TSMC Sicoya

Infinera Corporation

Phoenix Software

IBM Corporation

Lumentum Das

Photonics Luxtera Inc.

Intel Corporation

ST Microelectronics

Reflex Photonics

Company 20

Company 21

Company 22

Company 23

Company 24

 Silicon Photonics Market Report is segmented as indicated below:

Silicon Photonics Market By Components:

1. Waveguides 2. Modulators 3. Interconnects 4. LEDs 5. Photodetectors 6. Switches 7. Lasers 8. Wavelength division multiplexing filters 9. Others

Silicon Photonics Market By Application

1. Consumer Electronics 2. Telecommunications 3. Aerospace & Defense 4. Healthcare 5. Industrial Automation 6. Others

Silicon Photonics Market System Market By Geography ( Covers 15+ Countries )

Silicon Photonics Market System Market Entropy

Company Profiles

Appendix: Abbreviations, Sources, Research Methodology, Bibliography, Compilation of Experts, Disclaimer.

What can you expect from the report?

The Silicon Photonics Market Report is Prepared with the Main Agenda to Cover the following 20 points: 1. Market Size by Product Categories 2. Market trends 3. Manufacturer Landscape 4. Distributor Landscape 5. Pricing Analysis 6. Top 10 End user Analysis 7. Product Benchmarking 8. Product Developments 9. Mergers & Acquisition Analysis 10. Patent Analysis 11. Demand Analysis ( By Revenue & Volume ) 12. Country-level Analysis (15+) 13. Competitor Analysis 14. Market Shares Analysis 15. Value Chain Analysis 16. Supply Chain Analysis 17. Strategic Analysis 18. Current & Future Market Landscape Analysis 19. Opportunity Analysis 20. Revenue and Volume Analysis

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ):

Does IndustryARC publish country, geography or application based reports in Silicon Photonics Market?

Yes, we do have separate reports as mentioned below:

1. America Silicon Photonics Market (2018-2023) 2. Europe Silicon Photonics Market (2018-2023) 3. Asia Pacific Silicon Photonics Market (2018-2023) 4. Middle East and African Silicon Photonics Market (2018-2023) 5. Industrial Automation Silicon Photonics Market (2018-2023) 6. Consumer Electronics Silicon Photonics Market (2018-2023) 7. Telecommunications Silicon Photonics Market (2018-2023) 8. Aerospace & DefenseSilicon Photonics Market Tracker (2011-2030) – Subscription (40+ countries and 100+ companies, 50+ products with analysis on raw material manufacturers, product manufacturers, distributors, end users and startups)

Does IndustryARC provide customized reports and do you charge additionally for limited customization? Yes, we can customize the report by extracting data from our database of reports and annual subscription databases. We can provide the following free customization: 1. Increase the level of data in application or end user industry. 2. Increase the number of countries in the geography chapter. 3. Find out market shares for other smaller companies or companies which are of interest to you. 4. Company profiles can be requested based on your interest. 5. Patent analysis, pricing, product analysis, product benchmarking, value and supply chain analysis can be requested for a country or end use segment.

Any other custom requirements can be discussed with our team; we can provide a separate quote based on your requirement. You can drop in an e-mail to sales@industryarc.com to discuss more about our consulting services.

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[technato]

Remembering the Remarkable Foresight of Charles Kao

Nobel laureate invented fiber optic communications despite conventional wisdom of the time

Nobel Laureate Charles Kao was a visionary. He saw the possibilities of fiber-optic communications early, and made it happen before its time.

Charles Kuen Kao, the engineer who received the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for pioneering work in fiber-optic communications, died on 23 September in Hong Kong at age 84. His work opened the way to the huge transmission capacity of modern telecommunications, which, combined with the signal processing of integrated electronics, powers our information society.

Kao was working at Standard Telecommunications Laboratories in Harlow, Essex, UK, when the laser was invented in 1960. The cutting edge of telecommunications research then was the millimeter waveguide, a hollow five-centimeter metal tube designed to transmit 60-gigahertz millimeter waves. This offered higher bandwidth than chains of microwave relay towers, but the waves could travel only short distances in the open air. Laser light offered even higher bandwidth because its frequencies were much higher, so engineers at STL and other labs began testing laser communications. However, the initial results were discouraging; weather interfered with open-air transmission, and hollow optical waveguides had to meet extremely demanding requirements beyond the budgets of anyone but Bell Labs. 

STL saw little potential market for millimeter waveguides because British transmission lines were too short and winding to use them, but Alec Harley Reeves, the inventor of pulse-code modulation, had a little group study prospects for laser communications. Eventually Antoni E. Karbowiak, the group manager, decided the only media usable for transmitting laser communications were optical fibers, which had the flexibility needed for the British phone network. Then he accepted a professorship in Australia, leaving Kao, not yet 30, in charge.

Kao and George Hockham calculated that fibers could carry a gigahertz of bandwidth reasonable distances if the glass could be made transparent enough. At the time, the best optical glasses on the market could only carry light only about ten meters. However, Harold Rawson, a glass expert at the University of Sheffield, told Kao that purifying glass would make it transparent enough to carry laser signals ten kilometers or more between telephone switching centers. 

That would require a factor of a thousand improvement—a jump that seemed outlandish to many observers. To show that it would be possible, Kao enlisted the help of Mervin W. Jones to measure the transparency of the purest known glass, called fused silica, which had been invented by the Corning Glass Works in the 1930s and valued at the time for its low thermal expansion. Its absorption was so low that it took them months to get a solid result. In 1969 the duo reported a stunningly low attenuation of no more than five decibels per kilometer, several times clearer than Kao had thought necessary. 

By then, Corning was hard at work converting fused silica into optical fibers, and in 1970, Robert Maurer of Corning reported making optical fibers with a loss of 17 decibels per kilometer, confirmed by measurements in other labs. Within a couple of years Maurer, Donald Keck, Peter Schultz, and Frank Zimar of Corning reduced that to just two decibels per kilometer. Today the clearest glass has loss of only about 0.15 decibel per meter, close to the theoretical limit.

Kao’s proposal and measurements, and Corning’s low-loss fiber, converted the skeptics. Soon Bell Labs launched projects to develop long-lived semiconductor diode lasers and connectors for fiber-optic communication systems. Others soon joined the race. In 1977 GTE was the first to send live telephone traffic through optical fibers in the phone network, followed within weeks by AT&T. By then, the millimeter waveguide was dead, and in the 1980s fiber optic networks spread around the world. Since then, the data rate that can be transmitted through a single optical fiber has increased at Moore’s law rates as integrated circuit performance has improved. 

Combining the tremendous bandwidth of fiber optics with the tremendous processing power of electronics has brought about a technological revolution.

Looking back, the invention of integrated electronics seems almost pre-ordained because the advantage of integration was obvious. Jack Kirby and Robert Noyce deserve they the recognition they have received, but had they not succeeded, someone else would have come along. Charles Kao was ahead of his time. He invented fiber optic communications when the conventional wisdom was that solids were too lossy to carry signals over long distances. Had Kao not recognized the potential of glass, or not been able to tap the technology Corning had developed for other purposes, it likely would have been years before someone else could have put the pieces together to make today’s high-performance Internet. 

Remembering the Remarkable Foresight of Charles Kao syndicated from https://jiohowweb.blogspot.com

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Millimeter Wave Technology Market 2021: Emerging Technologies and Comprehensive Research Study Till 2024

Market Research Future published a research report on “Millimeter Wave Technology Market Research Report- Forecast to 2024” – Market Analysis, Scope, Stake, Progress, Trends and Forecast to 2024.

Market Overview

The Global Millimeter Wave Technology Market is expected to reach USD 4364.9 million by 2024 at a CAGR of 35.64% during the forecast period. Market Research Future (MRFR) in its report envelops segmentations and drivers to provide a better glimpse of the market in the coming years. Over the last decade, there have been rapid developments in the millimeter wave technology. Millimeter wave is an extremely high-frequency band spectrum that lies between 30 gigahertz (GHz) and 300 GHz with a short wavelength that ranges from 10 millimeters to 1 millimeter. Owing to its several benefits, such as high frequency, higher resolution, and low interference it is widely used for applications such as the transmission of large volumes of computer data, cellular communications, and radar transmissions.

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Key Players

The key players of global millimeter wave technology market are Millivision Technologies (US), Vubiq Networks, Inc. (US), Smiths Group PLC (UK), Fastback Networks (US), NEC Corporation. (Japan), Mistral Solutions Pvt. Ltd (India), E-Band Communications, LLC (US), Farran Technology Ltd (Ireland), L3 Technologies, Inc. (US), Millimeter Wave Products, Inc. (US), BridgeWave Communications, Inc. (US), SAGE Millimeter, Inc. (US), and Keysight Technologies, Inc. (US).

Millimeter Wave Technology Market   - Segmentation

The global Millimeter Wave Technology Market has been segmented based on product, component, license type, frequency band, end user, and region.

On the basis of component, the market has been classified as antennas and waveguide components, radio and rf components, sensors and controls, frequency meters, networking and communication components, imaging components, and transceivers. The radio and RF segment was the largest sub-segment valued at USD 144.2 in 2018; it is expected to register the highest CAGR during the forecast period. Antennas operate by capturing radio waves and converting them into electrical signals and vice versa. Millimeter wave antennas are used for various applications such as short-range communication, mm-wave mobile communication, 5G cellular networks, and sensor and imaging systems. Radio Frequency (RF) components include amplifiers, controllers, diodes, transistor, filters, and transceivers. The sensor can detect physical parameters, such as heat, light, and pressure, and convert them into electrical signals.

Based on license type, the market has been segmented into light licensed frequency, unlicensed frequency, and fully licensed frequency. The unlicensed frequency segment accounted for the largest market share in 2018; it is expected to register highest CAGR during the forecast period. The light licensed frequency segment was the second-largest market in 2018. Light licensing is a process that allows less time consuming and seamless spectrum management. This process combines two opposite approaches, general authorization and individual licensing. Unlicensed frequency cannot provide exclusive access to spectrum use. Unlike a licensed spectrum which limits the usage of frequencies, unlicensed frequencies can be used by anyone. Licensed frequency spectrum devices are developed with the help of radio spectrum regulated by the government authorities, which is reserved for the companies that have been granted the licenses.

Based on frequency band, the market has been segmented into band between 30 GHz and 57 GHz, band between 57 GHz and 96 GHz, band between 96 GHz and 300 GHz. The 57 GHz and 96 GHz segment accounted for the larger market share in 2018, registering the highest CAGR during the forecast period. The 30 GHz and 57 GHz segment was the second-largest market in 2018. The bands 37GHz, 39GHz, and 47GHz offer the largest amount of spectrum available for flexible wireless services in the millimeter wave bands. This type of millimeter wave band comprises 57–66GHz, 71–76GHz, 81–86GHz, and 92–95GHz. The 57–66GHz wave band is also referred to as the 60GHz band. The beyond 96 GHz millimeter wave band is developed for a high precision Imaging technology and radar applications.

Based on end user, the market has been segmented into IT & telecommunication, automotive & aerospace, healthcare, consumer & commercial, government & defense. The IT & telecommunication segment accounted for the larger market share in 2018,  is expected to register the highest CAGR during the forecast period. The automotive & aerospace segment was the second-largest market in 2018. Advancements in wireless communication technologies have enabled the widespread use of millimeter wave to address the challenges of lower frequency and high-speed communications. The millimeter wave technology has a significant role in autonomous driving and aerospace applications and is expected to revolutionize the automotive industry. The millimeter wave technology enables medical practitioners to perform advanced medical procedures with a reliable wireless network connected to another side of the globe.

Millimeter Wave Technology Market - Regional Analysis

The global millimeter wave technology market, by region, has been segmented into Asia-Pacific, North America, Europe, the Middle East & Africa, and South America. North America is expected to dominate the millimeter wave technology market during the forecast period due an increase in mobile data traffic with bandwidth-intensive applications, adoption of this technology in small-cell backhaul network, and development of innovative millimeter wave-based radar and security products.

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